OG0-092 Online Practice Questions and Answers

Scenario: Zephyr Enterprises

Please read this scenario prior to answering the question Zephyr Enterprises specializes in the development of wind turbine blades for use in large-scale commercial wind energy production systems. Zephyr has manufacturing facilities located in Palm Springs, California, Omaha, Nebraska, and Winnipeg, Ontario. Each of these plants supplies a different manufacturer that builds and sells complete systems. The turbine blades are custom engineered to meet each manufacturers design specifications.

Until recently, most turbine blades were fabricated manually using molded fiber-reinforced plastics. However, recent improvements in composite materials, coupled with enhanced automated methods for precision application of materials during the molding process, have led to significant reduction in weight, increase in strength, and greatly improved blade longevity. Zephyr has pioneered the development of a proprietary automated process for continuous extrusion of the turbine blades. Patents have been filed to protect the process, but certain trade secrets must be closely guarded.

Zephyr has a mature Enterprise Architecture organization that is supported by a cross-functional Architecture Review Board. The Chief Information Officer and the Chief Operating Officer co-sponsor the Enterprise Architecture program.

Zephyr has used TOGAF and its Architecture Development Method (ADM) to develop its automated manufacturing processes and systems that are used to design, manufacture, and test the blade assemblies. They have recently updated to TOGAF 9 and have adapted the Zephyr Enterprise Architecture to closely follow the TOGAF 9 framework. All of Zephyrs IT architects have been trained and certified on TOGAF 9.Recently, an architecture project was completed that defined a standard approach for controlling the Automated Test System that is used at each plant to perform final quality assurance tests on each completed blade assembly. The Manufacturing Architecture Board approved the plan for immediate implementation at each plant.

An Architecture Contract was developed that detailed the work needed to implement and deploy the new Automated Test System controller. The Chief Engineer, sponsor of the activity, has expressed concern that a uniform process be employed at each site to ensure consistency.

Refer to the Zephyr Enterprises Scenario

You are the Lead Architect for this activity.

You have been asked to recommend the best approach to adopt to address the Chief Engineer's concern.

Based on TOGAF 9, which of the following is the best answer?

A. You create an Architecture Contract to manage and govern the implementation and migration process. If the contract is issued to an external party, you ensure that it is a fully enforceable legal contract. For internal development projects, you decide it is adequate to utilize a memorandum of understanding between the Manufacturing Architecture Board and the implementation organization. You recommend that if a deviation from the contract is detected, the Manufacturing Architecture Board should modify the Architecture Contract to allow the implementation organization the ability to customize the process to meet their local needs. As a result, you then issue a new Request for Architecture Work to implement the modified Architecture Definition.

B. You create an Architecture Contract to manage and govern the implementation and migration process. If the contract is issued to an external party, you ensure that it is a fully enforceable legal contract. For internal envelopment projects, you decide it is adequate to utilize a memorandum of understanding between the Manufacturing Architecture Board and the implementation organization. You recommend that if a deviation from the Architecture Contract is detected, the Manufacturing Architecture Board grant a dispensation to allow the implementation organization the ability to customize the process to meet their local needs.

C. You create an Architecture Contract to manage and govern the implementation and migration process. If the contract is issued to an external party, you ensure that it is a fully enforceable legal contract. For internal development projects, you decide it is adequate to utilize a memorandum of understanding between the Manufacturing Architecture Board and the implementation organization. You ensure that the Manufacturing Architecture Board reviews all deviations from the Architecture Contract, and considers whether or not to grant a dispensation to allow the implementation organization to customize the process to meet their local needs.

D. You create an Architecture Contract to govern the implementation and migration process at each site. If the contract is issued to an external party, you ensure that it is a fully enforceable legal contract. You ensure that the contract addresses the project objectives, effectiveness metrics, acceptance criteria, and risk management. You then schedule compliance reviews at key points in the implementation process to ensure that the work is proceeding in accordance with the Architecture Definition. Based on the results, you ensure that the Manufacturing Architecture Board reviews all deviations from the Architecture Contract, and considers whether or not to grant a dispensation to allow the implementation organization to customize the process to meet their local needs.

Scenario: Vittronics Ltd.

Please read this scenario prior to answering the question

Vittronics Ltd. is a leading medical device manufacturer in the highly competitive market for Migraine Headache Pain Management (MHPM) devices. These tiny wireless devices are implanted in the brain and can deliver a precise electric shock when the wearable Pain Control Unit (PCU) detects an increase in stress induced by the onset of a migraine headache.

This technology will be a breakthrough in the treatment of this condition, and several competitors are striving to be the first to introduce a product into the market. However, all of them must demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of their products in a set of clinical trials that will satisfy the regulatory requirements of the countries in the target markets.

The Enterprise Architecture group at Vittronics has been engaged in an architecture development project to create a Secure Private Immersive Collaborative Environment (SPICE) that will allow researchers at its product development laboratories worldwide to share information about their independent clinical trials.

The Vittronics Enterprise Architecture group is a mature organization that has been utilizing TOGAF for several years. They have recently upgraded to TOGAF 9. The Vittronics Architecture Development Method (VADM) is strictly based on the TOGAF 9 Architecture Development Method (ADM) with extensions required to support current good manufacturing practices and good laboratory practices in their target markets.

The SPICE project team has now completed the Business, Information Systems, and Technology Architecture phases and has produced a complete set of deliverables for each phase. Due to the highly sensitive nature of the information that is managed in SPICE, special care was taken to ensure that each architecture domain included an examination of the security and privacy issues that are relevant for each domain. A corresponding SPICE Security Architecture has been defined.

The Executive Vice President for Clinical Research is the sponsor of the Enterprise Architecture activity.

Refer to the Vittronics Ltd Scenario:

You are serving as the Lead Architect for the SPICE project team.

As required by TOGAF, the SPICE project team res completed a Business Transformation Readiness Assessment in Phase A (Architecture Vision). In that assessment, it was determined that there are risks associated with the adoption of the Immersive Collaborative Environment. Despite a clear expression of the vision and the business need for utilizing SPICE to accelerate the clinical trials, the researchers have been resisting the change because of concerns about safeguarding individually identifiable information about the subjects who were participating in the trials.

You have been asked to recommend how this situation be managed in the implementation planning phases.

Based on TOGAF 9, which of the following is the best answer?

A. You decide that in Phase E, the team creates an overall solutions strategy that can guide the Target Architecture implementation and structure the Transition Architectures. You check that there is

consensus before proceeding.

B. You decide to return to Phase A, where the team should brainstorm a technical solution that mitigates the residual risks presented by the privacy issue. Then, during Phase D, you will direct the team to develop an Architecture Building Block to manage the security risks. After that, the team should select Solution Building Blocks that mitigate all of the identified risks and revise the Requirements Impact Statement to reflect the changes to the high-level solutions strategy and migration plan.

C. You decide that in Phase E, the team review the Business Transformation Readiness Assessment and identify, classify, and mitigate the risks associated with the identified readiness factors. If the risks can be satisfactorily mitigated, then you would continue to define a high-level solutions strategy that includes the Transition Architectures needed to make the change culturally and technically feasible.

D. You decide that in Phase E, the team determines an approach to implementing an overall strategic direction that will address and mitigate the risks identified.

Scenario: Florian Flowers BV

Please read this scenario prior to answering the question

Florian Flowers BV is an international agricultural company exporting flowers and seeds worldwide. Florian

is headquartered in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, and has sales and distribution centers in over 60

countries worldwide. Several of these centers include administrative, manufacturing, and research

facilities.

To achieve full integration of their research capabilities with their development centers located in various

climate zones, Florian wants to develop strong self-directed teams in each location. Florian also wants to

define new business models that are profitable while reducing their impact on the environment. Florian

management is deeply committed to ensuring that the company is a world leader in socially responsible

seed development with a business strategy that focuses on profitability through environmentally friendly

operating processes.

Florians international operations are subject to various legal and regulatory requirements. In areas such as

genetically modified seeds, governmental controls are strictly enforced and compliance is critical. Recently

a competitor was heavily fined for violating the regulations in a country where it was developing pest-

resistant seeds.

The Governing Board is concerned, and as a result has approved the expenditure of resources to

establish an Enterprise Architecture program. They have requested to be informed about the status of

projects that could impact regulatory compliance. They also want to enable the corporate legal staff and

auditors to analyze proposed architectures to ensure that they are within the legal guidelines for a given

location. In addition, the research organization should be able to see that the architecture is appropriate for

its needs.

TOGAF 9 has been mandated as the guiding framework for the development and evolution of the

Enterprise Architecture practice.

Refer to the Florian Flowers BV Scenario

Florian management has engaged you as the Lead Consultant to assess the current situation.

You have been asked to recommend an approach that would enable the development of an architecture

that addresses the needs of all these parties.

Based on TOGAF 9, which of the following is the best answer?

A. Depending on the nature of the architecture, a set of models should be created that can be used to ensure that the system will be compliant with the local regulations. Stakeholders should be able to view the models to see that their concerns have been properly addressed.

B. Each architecture activity should be developed using a consistent modeling approach that is uniform across all architecture projects. Each architecture should be defined based on this fixed set of models so that all concerned parties can examine the models to ensure that their issues and concerns have been accessed.

C. For those groups that have sufficient power and level of interest, a special report should be created that summarizes the key features of the architecture with respect to the particular location. Each of these reports should reflect the stakeholders' requirements.

D. It would be beneficial to develop a stakeholder map that allows the architects to define groups of stakeholders that share common concerns. A set of views should be defined that addresses the concerns each group. Architecture models can then be created for each view to address the stakeholders' concerns.

Scenario: Vittronics Ltd.

Please read this scenario prior to answering the question

Vittronics Ltd. is a leading medical device manufacturer in the highly competitive market for Migraine Headache Pain Management (MHPM) devices. These tiny wireless devices are implanted in the brain and can deliver a precise electric shock when the wearable Pain Control Unit (PCU) detects an increase in stress induced by the onset of a migraine headache.

This technology will be a breakthrough in the treatment of this condition, and several competitors are striving to be the first to introduce a product into the market. However, all of them must demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of their products in a set of clinical trials that will satisfy the regulatory requirements of the countries in the target markets.

The Enterprise Architecture group at Vittronics has been engaged in an architecture development project to create a Secure Private Immersive Collaborative Environment (SPICE) that will allow researchers at its product development laboratories worldwide to share information about their independent clinical trials.

The Vittronics Enterprise Architecture group is a mature organization that has been utilizing TOGAF for several years. They have recently upgraded to TOGAF 9. The Vittronics Architecture Development Method (VADM) is strictly based on the TOGAF 9 Architecture Development Method (ADM) with extensions required to support current good manufacturing practices and good laboratory practices in their target markets.

The SPICE project team has now completed the Business, Information Systems, and Technology Architecture phases and has produced a complete set of deliverables for each phase. Due to the highly sensitive nature of the information that is managed in SPICE, special care was taken to ensure that each architecture domain included an examination of the security and privacy issues that are relevant for each domain. A corresponding SPICE Security Architecture has been defined.

The Executive Vice President for Clinical Research is the sponsor of the Enterprise Architecture activity. He has stated that the changes to the SPICE architecture will need to be rolled out on a geographic basis that will minimize disruptions to ongoing clinical trials. The work will need to be done in stages and rolled out in geographical regions.

Refer to the Vittronics Ltd Scenario

You are serving as the Lead Architect for the SPICE project team.

You have been asked to recommend the approach to identify the work packages that will be included in the Transition Architecture(s).

Based en TOGAF 9, which of the following is the best answer?

A. Create an Implementation Factor Assessment and Deduction Matrix and a Consolidated Gaps, Solutions and Dependencies Matrix. For each gap, identify a proposed solution and classify it as new development, purchased solution, or based on an existing product. Group similar solutions together to form work packages. Identify dependencies between work packages factoring in the clinical trial schedules. Regroup the packages into a set of Capability Increments scheduled into a series of Transition Architectures and documented in an Architecture Definition Increments Table.

B. Determine the set of Solution Building Blocks required by identifying which Solution Building Blocks need to be developed and which need to be procured. Eliminate any duplicate building blocks. Group the remaining Solution Building Blocks together to create the work packages using a CRLO matrix. Rank the work packages in terms of cost and select the most cost-effective options for inclusion in a series of Transition Architectures. Schedule the roll out of the work packages to be sequential across the geographic regions.

C. Use a Consolidated Gaps, Solutions and Dependencies Matrix as a planning tool. For each gap classify whether the solution is either a new development, purchased solution, or based on an existing product. Group the similar solutions together to define the work packages. Regroup the work packages into a set of Capability Increments to transition to the Target Architecture taking into account the schedule for clinical trials.

D. Group the Solution Building Blocks from a Consolidated Gaps, Solutions and Dependencies Matrix into a set of work packages. Using the matrix as a planning tool, regroup the work packages to account for dependencies. Sequence the work packages into the Capability Increments needed to achieve the Target Architecture. Schedule the rollout one region at a time. Document the progression of the enterprise architecture using an Enterprise Architecture State Evolution table.

Scenario: Summer Seeds BV Please read this scenario prior to answering the question Summer Seeds BV is an international agricultural company exporting bulbs, flowers and seeds worldwide. It is headquartered in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, and has sales and distribution centers in over 60 countries worldwide. Several of these centers include administrative, manufacturing, and research facilities. To achieve full integration of their research capabilities with their development centers located in various climate zones, the company wants to develop strong self directed teams in each location. It also wants to define new business models that are profitable while reducing their impact on the environment. The management is deeply committed to ensuring that the company is a world leader in socially responsible seed development with a business strategy that focuses on profitability through environmentally friendly operating processes. Summer Seed's international operations are subject to various legal and regulatory requirements. In areas such as genetically modified seeds, governmental controls are strictly enforced and compliance is critical. Recently a competitor was heavily fined for violating the regulations in a country where it was developing pest-resistant seeds. The Governing Board is concerned, and as a result has approved the expenditure of resources to establish an Enterprise Architecture program. They have requested information about the status of projects that could impact regulatory compliance. They also want to enable the corporate legal staff and auditors to analyze proposed architectures to ensure that they are within the legal guidelines for a given location. In addition, the research organization should be able to see that the architecture is appropriate for its needs. TOGAF 9 has been mandated as the guiding framework for the development and evolution of the Enterprise Architecture practice. Refer to the Summer Seeds BV Scenario You have been appointed as the Lead Consultant. You have been asked to recommend an approach that would enable the development of an architecture that addresses the needs of all these parties. Based on TOGAF 9, which of the following is the best answer?

A. Depending on the nature of the architecture, a set of models should be created that can be used to ensure that the system will be compliant with the local regulations. Stakeholders should be able to view the models to see that their concerns have been properly addressed.

B. Each architecture activity should be developed using a consistent modeling approach that is uniform across all architecture projects. Each architecture should be defined based on this fixed set of models so that all concerned parties can examine the models to ensure that their issues and concerns have been addressed,

C. A stakeholder map should be developed that allows the architects to define groups of stakeholders sharing common concerns. A set of views should then be defined that addresses the concerns for each group- Architecture models can then be created for each view to address the stakeholders' concerns.

D. For those groups that have sufficient power and level of interest, a special report should be created that summarizes the key features of the architecture with respect to the particular location. Each of these reports should reflect the stakeholders' requirements.

TotalComms is a telecommunications company formed from the merging of other 2 telecommunication

companies. The business operating model has been unified, the TOGAF 9 Architecture Board approved

the outline Implementation and Migration Plan the detailed migration planning must know be approved.

Your help is needed to work on the migration planning with all the key stakeholders to achieve an

agreement.

Refer to the scenario above

You are the Lead Architect asked to describe accordingly to TOGAF 9 the best way to address the

following activities:

The way the migration planning is conducted.

What is going to be implemented.

The stakeholders involved in the implementation. The definition of the deliverables to use

Choose one of the following answers

A. The Chief Architect will conduct the Migration planning and then share it with the other domain architects. The migration plan will be formed by a list of projects, their priority, their costs and a recommendation on how to proceed. After the plan is shared with the Architectural Board members and any observation that may raise incorporated in the plan, any individual project will go in front of the board for the approval for resources for the next project increment. A GANT chart will be included to be used as a roadmap.

B. The Migration planning will be conducted as a series of steps: confirming and then coordinating the corporate management frameworks involved; establishing clear business value for the deliverables; creating detailed resource estimates for the work to do; define priority of the work, sequence and then the Transition Architectures. After this, an Implementation and Migration Plan can be confirmed. The Portfolio Management, Operations Management and Business Planning teams should be involved in the implementation of the major deliverables. Once these have been completed, regular meetings will be done to enable the architecture to be kept up-to-date.

C. Implementation and Migration Strategy will be used to define project plans focusing on scope, time and budget. The business value of each project is assessed and Project Managers will prepare submissions to the IT governance Board to ask for their funding and the Lead Architect will be active part of the board. The collection of project roadmaps and plans will be used to detail the EA Implementation and Migration Plan.

D. This step will be conducted by the Enterprise Architecture team involving Business, Application, Data, Technology, and Security architects. They will implement the Transition Architectures and together will prioritize a list of activities and include the Architecture Building Blocks in an Implementation and Migration Plan and Roadmap. After this, the comments on the deliverables shared with lines of business and the members of the Executive Board are integrated, this to enable the funding on the Enterprise Architecture work.

Patterns and Co. is introducing a Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Market Analytics solution in order to improve its new delivery service.

Patterns and Co. has a mature enterprise architecture capability and the CIO is the sponsor of the enterprise architecture team. The business vision and requirements for the new system are defined. It includes a detailed business process analysis. The supplier has proposed a solution but the Architecture Board identified some of the project requirements not consistent with the adopted infrastructure standards. The CIO considered the risks and approved the implementation. The CIO has asked the EA team to execute the Phase G ensuring that the system performance KPIs are respected, the project remains within budget and security guidelines are met. Refer to the scenario above As Lead Enterprise Architect you have to recommend a plan to implement the CIO decision. Choose the best answer according to TOGAF 9.

Choose one of the following answers

A. You ask the supplier to modify the web server hardware and software components so they can meet the current infrastructure standards. You advise to execute a proof of concept to anticipate any coding issue. Then, after the agreement with the development leads for supporting the development, you will provide the project plan to the project manager and develop an Architecture Contract. A set of frequent operational reviews to monitor the solution's performance is then scheduled after the implementation is completed.

B. You recommend the co-existence of a second web server standard and modify the company Standards Information Base adding this new technology.You ask the project architects to create an Architecture Contract with the development teams. You identify the need of a performance testing and a compliance review You agree with the business on SLA and delivery dates. You identify re-usable procedures and objects.

C. You eliminate the non-standard web server from the solution as recommended by the Architecture Board. You create a revised plan and Architecture Contract for the development stressing the re-use of standard technologies. You share the budget implication of this solution with a finance committee and inform the CIO of the long term cost benefits of this choice. You define periodical project management meetings to monitor compliance.

D. You execute a risk analysis and set deliverables and timing requirements with the development team. You implement a detailed impact analysis of the chosen solution. You create an Architecture Contract and ask for the CIO's approval before implementing it. You test the solution just prior to implementation and deliver the project artifacts and store after the completion of the implementation.

SureFlight Air Carrier has received approval for the acquisition of a regional carrier. To integrate the new acquisition, a TOGAF based enterprise architecture program has been initiated. The CIO sponsors the activity supported by the Chief Architect. In Phase A within the initial iteration the CIO wants to ensure that the architecture activities are recognized among the various stakeholders of the enterprise. Refer to the scenario above You are a consultant supporting the Chief Architect that should explain how to identify and engage the stakeholders at this stage of the program. Identify the best answer accordingly to the TOGAF 9 guidelines. Choose one of the following answers

A. Using the business scenarios technique you would identify supporting and not supporting stakeholders. Then you would list the set of viewpoints that are addressing the stakeholder concerns and share these with them.

B. You first priority is to communicate with the regional carrier stakeholders developing a Communications Plan to share main features and discuss opportunities with them.

C. You conduct a pilot proof of concept during Phase A to demonstrate the technical feasibility to the stakeholders explaining the approach available from your preferred suppliers.

D. You identify all the main stakeholders on both the acquired carrier and the rest of the enterprise. Using a stakeholder map, you classify and record their power in relation to this activity. You then focus on implementing the relevant viewpoints that can address the concerns of every main stakeholder identified in the stakeholders map.

McKinley Rockets is an enterprise that employs 20,000 men and women in five countries: UK, Italy, France, Spain and the Netherlands and its mission is to guarantee access to space offering space transportation, launch and management of satellite systems at low cost. A TOGAF 9 mature Enterprise Architecture program is already established within the enterprise. McKinley Rockets strategy is to leverage in the USA shortage of satellite launches availability - that NASA created because of the Shuttle program shutdown - by acquiring an important merican space agency. This will ultimately allow McKinley Rockets to offer its services to the US market. The new acquired company NovaSpace is very successful but with outdated satellite monitoring systems. The CIO is sponsoring an activity to extend the McKinley Rockets' satellite monitoring applications to include the NovaSpace's satellites flock.

A task force of enterprise architects prepared an Architecture Vision and secured the approval. The Architecture Board decided to approve the vision, provided that the Design Definition Document is presented for review at phase D conclusion. Refer to the scenario above The Chief Architect asked you as Lead Integration Architect to use TOGAF 9 to recommend the best approach to design the Full Architecture and present it to the Architecture Board. Identify the best answer accordingly to the TOGAF 9 guidelines.

Choose one of the following answers

A. You start with the Business Architecture and then address Technology, Application and Data domains. For every domain you select the relevant reference models, viewpoints, and tools. You develop a Target and Baseline Architecture Descriptions. Then perform Gap Analysis, resolve impacts across the Architecture Landscape and update the roadmap. Finally update the Architecture Definition Document.

B. You start with the Business Architecture and then address Data, Application and Technology domains. You then Confirm management framework interactions for the Implementation and Migration Plan, Prioritize the migration projects through the conduct of a cost/benefit assessment and risk validation. Then perform Gap Analysis and update the Architecture Definition Document.

C. You start with the Business Architecture and then address Data, Application and Technology domains. For every domain you select the relevant reference models, viewpoints, and tools. You develop a Baseline and Target Architecture. Then perform Gap Analysis, assess the roadmap impacts and finally update the Architecture Definition Document.

D. You start with the Business Architecture and then address Data, Application and Technology domains. For every domain you develop a Baseline and Target Architecture. Then perform Gap Analysis and update the Architecture Definition Document.

Please read this scenario prior to answering the question.

You are serving as the Lead Architect for an Enterprise Architecture project team within a multinational oil and gas corporation. It is organized into two major business groupings: Upstream operations which include exploration for crude oil and natural gas and operating the infrastructure necessary to deliver oil and gas to the market Downstream operations which include the manufacturing, distribution and marketing activities for oil products and chemicals. Safety is a priority for the company, with the aim to ensure it causes zero harm to people and the environment. The company has to satisfy the regulatory requirements of each of the countries it operates in.

The downstream business generates a third of the company's profits worldwide and includes more than 30,000 petrol stations and various oil refineries. In some countries it also includes oil refining, a retail petrol station network, lubricans manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricans sales. The practice for the downstream business has been to operate locally, managed by local “operating companies”.

The Governing Board is concerned about the risk posed by operating in this complex global environment with a large part of the downstrean business represented by local operating companies. As a result, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) has appoimted a Chief Compliance Officer (CCO) to be responsible for overseeing and managing compliance issues to the corporation. The CCO reports directly to the CEO.

The CCO has approved the expenditure of resources to establish an Enterprise Architecture program, and has mandated the use of the TOGAF standard as the framework. He has requested to be

Refer to the Scenario

You have been asked to recommend an approach that would enable the development of an architecture that addresses the needs of the Chief Compliance Officer, legal staff, auditors and the local operating companies.

Based on the TOGAF Standard, Version 9.2, which of the following is the best answer?

A. You recommend that an analysis of the stakeholders is undertaken, including development of a Stakeholder Map. This will allow the architects to define groups of stakeholders who have common concerns. The concerns and relevant viewpoints should then be defined for each group of stakeholders, and recorded in the Architecture Vision document.

B. You recommend that the ArchiMate modeling language is used to create a set of models that can be applied uniformly across all architecture projects. Each architecture should then be defined based on this fixed set of models. All concerned parties can then examine the models to ensure that their needs have been addressed.

C. You recommend that a set of models be created for each project architecture that can be used to ensure that the system will be compliant with the local regulations. A formal review should be held with the stakeholders to verify that their concerns have been properly addressed by the models.

D. You recommend that a Communications Plan be created to address the powerful and influential stakeholders. This plan should include a report that summarizes the key features of the architecture with respect to each location and reflect the stakeholders’ requirements. You will check with each stakeholder that their concerns are being addressed.